Version July 2025
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What is osteoporosis? —
This is a disease that makes bones weak. People with osteoporosis can break their bones too easily. For example, people with osteoporosis sometimes break a bone after falling down at home.
Breaking a bone can be serious, especially if the bone is in the hip. People who break a hip sometimes lose the ability to walk on their own. Many of them need care in a nursing home. That's why it is so important to avoid breaking a bone in the first place.
What is osteopenia? —
This is another word for low bone mineral density. Doctors also call this "low bone mass." People with low bone mass generally have a lower risk of breaking a bone than people with osteoporosis. But their bone mineral density is below normal.
How do I know if I have osteoporosis or low bone mass? —
Osteoporosis does not cause symptoms until you break a bone. But your doctor or nurse can have you tested for it. The best test is a bone mineral density test called the "DXA test." It is a special kind of X-ray.
Experts recommend DXA testing for females older than 65. That is because people in this group have the highest risk of osteoporosis. Still, other people should sometimes be tested, too. Ask your doctor or nurse if you should be tested.
Some people learn that they have osteoporosis because they break a bone during a fall or a mild impact. This is called a "fragility fracture," because people with healthy bones should not break a bone that easily. People who have fragility fractures are at high risk of having other bones break.
How do I keep my bones as healthy as possible? —
You can:
●Eat foods with a lot of calcium, such as milk, yogurt, and green leafy vegetables (table 1 and figure 1).
●Eat foods with a lot of vitamin D, such as milk that has vitamin D added, and fish from the ocean.
●Take calcium and vitamin D pills (if you do not get enough from the food that you eat).
●Be active for at least 30 minutes, most days of the week.
●Avoid smoking.
●Limit the amount of alcohol you drink to 1 to 2 drinks a day at most.
If you have low bone mass but not osteoporosis, making these changes is often the only treatment you need.
How else can I avoid fractures? —
It sounds simple, but you can prevent a lot of fractures by reducing the chances of a fall. To do that:
●Make sure that all of your rugs have a no-slip backing to keep them in place.
●Tuck away any electrical cords, so they are not in your way.
●Light all walkways well.
●Watch out for slippery floors.
●Wear sturdy, comfortable shoes with rubber soles.
●Have your eyes checked.
●Ask your doctor or nurse to check whether any of your medicines might make you dizzy or increase your risk of falling.
Can osteoporosis be treated? —
Yes, there are a few medicines to treat osteoporosis. These medicines can reduce the chances that you will break a bone.
Doctors and nurses usually suggest trying medicines called bisphosphonates first. If these do not do enough or if they cause side effects that bother you, you can try other medicines.
In some cases, doctors also recommend medicine for people with osteopenia (low bone mass). But this depends on how likely the person is to break a bone. Your doctor can talk with you about whether medicine is an option.
How can I tell if the treatment is working? —
Doctors and nurses often order DXA tests to check if osteoporosis medicines are working. These are the same tests they use to find osteoporosis in the first place. Sometimes, a blood or urine test is also needed.
Patient education: Medicines for osteoporosis (The Basics)
Patient education: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (The Basics)
Patient education: Calcium and vitamin D for bone health (The Basics)
Patient education: Fractures (The Basics)
Patient education: Hip fracture (The Basics)
Patient education: Vertebral compression fracture (The Basics)
Patient education: Osteoporosis prevention and treatment (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Bone density testing (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Calcium and vitamin D for bone health (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Primary hyperparathyroidism (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Vitamin D deficiency (Beyond the Basics)
