Documented sources of electromagnetic interference (EMI) in patients with implanted cardiac devices

Source	Examples
Electromagnetic fields
Daily life*	Faulty home appliances
	Metal detectors
	Anti-theft equipment
	Slot machines
	Cellular phones and accessories with strong magnets (eg, wireless charging, magnetic fasteners)^[1]
Work and industrial environment	High voltage power lines^¶
	Welding equipment^Δ
	Electronic motors while "on"
	Induction furnaces
	Degaussing coils
Medical/hospital environment	Magnetic resonance imaging
	Defibrillation or cardioversion
	Device-device interaction (eg, pacemaker and neural stimulator)
	Radiofrequency ablation
	Electrocautery
	Transcutaneous nerve stimulation
	Therapeutic diathermy
	Lithotripsy
	Radiation therapy^◊

* There are many potential sources of single-beat inhibition. However, single-beat inhibition is not clinically significant and does not merit specific mention.
¶ If working at or near the level of the power line. There is no convincing evidence that being under the power lines at ground level will cause interference.
Δ Although all welding equipment is capable of causing interference, it most commonly occurs with equipment that operates at ≥150 amps.
◊ Radiation therapy may cause electromagnetic interference but may also result in direct damage to the pulse generator resulting in sudden no output or "runaway."

Reference:

Greenberg JC, Altawail MR, Singh G. Life saving therapy inhibition by phones containing magnets. Heart Rhythm; 2021.

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Documented sources of electromagnetic interference (EMI) in patients with implanted cardiac devices