Version May 2024
| Mechanisms of spinal injury | Stability |
| Flexion | |
| Anterior wedge fracture | Stable |
| Flexion teardrop fracture | Extremely unstable |
| Clay shoveler's fracture | Stable |
| Subluxation | Potentially unstable |
| Bilateral facet dislocation | Always unstable |
| Atlanto-occipital dislocation | Unstable |
| Anterior atlantoaxial dislocation with or without fracture | Unstable |
| Odontoid fracture with lateral displacement | Unstable |
| Fracture of transverse process | Stable |
| Flexion-rotation | |
| Unilateral facet dislocation | Stable |
| Rotary atlantoaxial dislocation | Unstable |
| Extension | |
| Posterior neural arch fracture (C1) | Unstable |
| Hangman's fracture (C2) | Unstable |
| Extension teardrop fracture | Usually stable in flexion; unstable in extension |
| Posterior atlantoaxial dislocation with or without fracture | Unstable |
| Vertical compression | |
| Burst fracture of vertebral body | Stable |
| Jefferson fracture (C1) | Extremely unstable |
| Isolated fractures of articular pillar and vertebral body | Stable |
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