Abnormalities | Frequency (percent) | Abnormalities | Frequency (percent) |
Skeletal growth disturbances | Other features | ||
Short stature | 95 to 100 | Cardiac malformations | Up to 50 |
Growth failure | 90 to 95 | Elongated transverse aortic arch | 40 to 50 |
Increased upper-to-lower segment ratio | >90 | Aortic valve abnormalities (primarily bicuspid aortic valve) | 15 to 30 |
Defective dental development, malocclusion | Up to 75 | Coarctation of the aorta | 7 to 17 |
Characteristic facies with micrognathia | 60 | Pulmonary venous abnormalities | 13 to 15 |
Cubitus valgus | 50 | Systemic venous abnormalities (such as persistent left superior vena cava) | 8 to 13 |
Kyphosis | 50 | Ventricular septal defects | 1 to 4 |
Short neck | 40 | Atrial septal defects | 1 to 2 |
Genu valgum | 35 | Coronary artery abnormalities | Up to 2 |
High-arched palate | 35 | Hypoplastic left heart | <1 |
Widely spaced nipples, broad chest | 30 to 35 | Electrocardiographic abnormalities (minor) | 50 |
Short metacarpals | 35 | Prolonged QTc interval | 21 to 36 |
Scoliosis | 10 to 20 | Kidney and renovascular anomalies | 20 to 30 |
Madelung deformity | 5 | Collecting system malformations | Approximately 20 |
Lymphatic obstruction | Horseshoe kidney | 10 | |
Low posterior hairline | 40 | Hypertension | 30 |
Edema of hands/feet | 20 to 30 | Ocular abnormalities | |
Characteristic dermatoglyphics | 30 | Myopia or hyperopia | 20 to 50 |
Webbed neck | 25 | Strabismus | 15 to 30 |
Earlobe anomalies (eg, rotated) | 15 to 20 | Amblyopia | >15 |
Nail dysplasia | 10 | Ptosis | 10 to 30 |
Germ cell chromosomal defects | Ears and hearing | ||
Infertility | 95 | Recurrent otitis media | 50 to 70 |
Ovarian failure | 90 | Sensorineural hearing loss | 50 (by adulthood) |
Gonadal dysgenesis | 85 to 90 | Conductive hearing loss | 10 to 40 |
Gonadoblastoma | 5 | Cholesteatoma | 5 |
Skin | |||
Multiple pigmented nevi | 25 | ||
Vitiligo | 5 | ||
Alopecia | 5 | ||
Autoimmune | |||
Thyroiditis (rate increases with age) | 15 to 30 | ||
Celiac disease | 6 | ||
Inflammatory bowel disease | 4 |