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Recommended daily requirements for enteral nutrition in premature infants <1500 g birth weight

Recommended daily requirements for enteral nutrition in premature infants <1500 g birth weight
Component Enteral intake (daily)[1-3]
Water 135 to 200 mL/kg
Energy 110 to 130 kcal/kg
Protein 3.5 to 4 g/kg*[2,3]
Fat 4.55 to 8.1 g/kg
Carbohydrate 11 to 13 g/kg
Electrolytes, minerals, and trace elements
  • Sodium
3 to 5 mEq/kg (69 to 115 mg/kg)
  • Potassium
2 to 3 mEq/kg (78 to 195 mg/kg)
  • Chloride
3 to 5 mEq/kg (105 to 177 mg/kg)
  • Calcium
120 to 220 mg/kg[2]
  • Phosphorus
70 to 120 mg/kg[2]
  • Magnesium
8 to 15 mg/kg
  • Iron
1 to 3 mg/kg
  • Zinc
2 to 3 mg/kg
  • Copper
120 to 230 mcg/kg
  • Chromium
0.03 to 2.25 mcg/kg
  • Manganese
1 to 15 mcg/kg
Vitamins
  • Vitamin A
1332 to 3330 international units
  • Vitamin D
10 to 25 mcg (400 to 1000 international units)¶[2] (from milk plus supplement)
  • Vitamin E
2.2 to 11 mg alpha-tocopherol
  • Vitamin K
4.4 to 28 mcg/kgΔ
  • Folic acid
22 to 100 mcg/kg
  • Niacin
1 to 5.5 mg/kg
  • Pyridoxine
66 to 275 mcg/kg
  • Riboflavin
200 to 430 mcg/kg
  • Thiamine
132 to 275 mcg/kg
  • Vitamin B12
0.12 to 0.6 mcg/kg
  • Vitamin C
16.5 to 41 mg/kg

* For protein intake, both the American Academy of Pediatrics and the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition suggest a range up to 4 g/kg. However, the evidence for the appropriate upper limit is limited and many institutions give up to 4.5 g/kg.

¶ Vitamin D intake is not adjusted for weight.

Δ This vitamin K requirement is in addition to the standard prophylactic dose of vitamin K given at birth (0.5 to 1 mg).

References:
  1. Koletzko B, Cheah F-C, Domellöf M, et al. Scientific basis and practical application of nutritional care for preterm infants. World Rev Nutr Diet 2021; 122:XIII.
  2. Greer FR, Abrams SA. Nutritional needs of the preterm infant. In: Pediatric Nutrition, 9th ed, American Academy of Pediatrics 2025.
  3. Embleton ND, Moltu SJ, Lapillone A, et al. Enteral nutrition in preterm infants (2022): A position paper from the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition and invited experts. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 76:248.
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