Risk category | Number of children with risk factor/ number examined for the risk (%) |
Family history of chronic pancreatitis | 118/555 (21.3) |
Genetic | |
Any mutation | 351/535 (65.6) |
PRSS1 | 121/498 (24.3) |
SPINK1 | 104/473 (22) |
CFTR | 160/483 (33.1) |
CTRC | 25/378 (6.6) |
Obstructive/biliary* | |
Any obstructive/biliary risk factor | 175/667 (26.2) |
Pancreas divisum | 75/662 (11.3) |
Toxic-metabolic¶ | |
Any toxic-metabolic factor | 105/685 (15.3) |
Hyperlipidemia (most commonly hypertriglyceridemia) | 10/441 (2.3) |
Drugs (eg, metronidazole, mercaptopurine, valproate, isoniazid) | 49/669 (7.3) |
AutoimmuneΔ | |
Autoimmune disease | 65/663 (9.8) |
CFTR: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene; CTRC: chymotrypsin C gene; PRSS1: protease serine 1 gene; SPINK1: serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 1 gene.
* Other obstructive/biliary risk factors include pancreatobiliary malunion, gallstones, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, annular pancreas, and other duct obstructions.
¶ Other toxic-metabolic risk factors include active and passive tobacco smoking, alcohol use, and chronic kidney disease.
Δ Autoimmune disease includes autoimmune pancreatitis, other autoimmune factors, autoimmune hepatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease.