Normal developmental milestones of language and literacy acquisition in children

Age	Language milestones	Literacy milestones
6 months	Turns to voice (4 months) Orients to bell horizontally Imitates speech sounds Does raspberries Babbles – Consonant-vowel combinations	Reaches for book Brings book to mouth Looks at pictures Vocalizes or pats at pictures Prefers pictures of faces
12 months	Orients to bell diagonally (10 months) Understands "no" Follows simple gestured commands Uses "dada"/"mama" appropriately Additional 1 or more words Immature jargoning Begins to point for desired objects	Holds book with help Turns board book pages with assistance Points to pictures with one finger, nonspecific May begin to label pictures with "words" Prefers pictures of familiar objects
18 months	Identifies familiar objects Follows simple ungestured commands Points to 2 to 4 body parts Vocabulary of 10 to 25 words Giant words ("Thank you") Mature jargoning	Brings book to caregiver Turns board book pages easily Points to familiar pictures, specific Scribbles spontaneously
24 months	Follows novel two-step commands Vocabulary of >50 words Creates 2- to 3-word sentences Begins to use "I," "me," or "you" Telegraphic speech, no jargon 50% intelligible to strangers	Learning to handle paper pages Looks "through" book for favorite pictures May fill in words or complete rhymes from familiar books Imitates vertical stroke
30 months	Follows 2 prepositional commands Understands concept of "just one" Names all body parts Names 4 pictures, 1 color Knows two actions Echolalia ceases	"Reads" as part of creative play May complete sentences from familiar books Recites parts of well-known stories Imitates circular motion with crayon
3 years	Follows 3 element commands 3- to 4-word sentences, >500 words 75% intelligible to strangers Uses pronouns, plurals correctly Counts to 3, names >1 color Disfluency is common	Turns pages easily Recites whole phrases, sometimes whole stories Begins to coordinate text with pictures Corrects mistakes made by the reader Copies a circle
4 years	Understands 4 prepositions Creates 4- to 5-word sentences 100% intelligible to strangers Uses past tense Counts to 4, names 4 colors Retells familiar stories	Developing awareness of print Recognizes some letters of the alphabet Beginning writing skills Picks longer line Copies a cross
5 years	Understands opposites Creates complete (>5-word) sentences Uses future tense, irregular verbs Disfluencies uncommon Counts to 10 or more	Understands print carries the message May move finger along the text Recognizes most letters of the alphabet, writes some "Writes" name Copies a square

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Normal developmental milestones of language and literacy acquisition in children