Early infantile (birth to 6 mo of age) | Hydrocephalus (progressive or "arrested") | |
Induction disorders | Spina bifida cystica, cranium bifidum, Chiari malformations (types I, II, and III), aqueductal stenosis, holoprosencephaly | |
Mass lesions | Neoplasms, atrioventricular malformations, congenital cysts | |
Intrauterine infections | Toxoplasmosis, cytomegalic inclusion disease, syphilis, rubella | |
Perinatal or postnatal infections | Bacterial, granulomatous, parasitic | |
Perinatal or postnatal hemorrhage | Hypoxia, vascular malformation, trauma | |
Hydranencephaly | ||
Subdural effusion | ||
Hemorrhagic, infectious, cystic hygroma | ||
Normal variant (often familial) | ||
Late infantile (6 mo to 2 yr of age) | Hydrocephalus (progressive or "arrested") | |
Space-occupying lesions | Tumors, cysts, abscess | |
Postbacterial or granulomatous meningitis | ||
Posthemorrhagic | Trauma or vascular malformation | |
Dandy-Walker syndrome | ||
Subdural effusion | ||
Increased intracranial pressure syndrome | ||
Pseudotumor cerebri | Lead, tetracycline, hypoparathyroidism, corticosteroids, excess or deficiency of vitamin A, cyanotic congenital heart disease | |
Primary skeletal cranial dysplasias (thickened or enlarged skull) | ||
Osteogenesis imperfecta, hyperphosphatemia, osteopetrosis, rickets | ||
Megalencephaly (increase in brain substance) | ||
Metabolic central nervous system diseases | Leukodystrophies (eg, Canavan, Alexander), lipidoses (Tay-Sachs), histiocytosis, mucopolysaccharidoses | |
Proliferative neurocutaneous syndromes | von Recklinghausen tuberous sclerosis, hemangiomatosis, Sturge-Weber | |
Cerebral gigantism | Sotos syndrome | |
Achondroplasia | ||
Primary megalencephaly | May be familial and unassociated with abnormalities of cellular architecture, or associated with abnormalities of cellular architecture | |
Early to late childhood (older than 2 yr of age) | Hydrocephalus (progressive or "arrested") | |
Space-occupying lesions | ||
Preexisting induction disorder | Aqueductal stenosis | |
Postinfectious | ||
Hemorrhagic | ||
Chiari type I malformation | ||
Megalencephaly | ||
Proliferative neurocutaneous syndromes | ||
Familial | ||
Pseudotumor cerebri | ||
Normal variant |
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