| Gastrointestinal disorders | Infectious causes |
Obstruction - Intussusception*
- Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis*
- Foreign body¶
- Hirschsprung disease
- Intestinal malrotation or volvulus¶
- Duodenal or intestinal hematoma
- Esophageal, pyloric or intestinal stenosis, atresia, or web
- Esophageal, gastric, or intestinal duplication
- Gastric bezoar, volvulus, or tumor
- Superior mesenteric artery syndrome
- Intestinal pseudo-obstruction
- Adhesions, including congenital adhesions
- Incarcerated hernia
- Tumors
- Meconium ileus or equivalent
- Imperforate anus
- Gastroesophageal reflux*
- Gastritis, esophagitis*
- Eosinophilic esophagitis/gastroenteritis
- Food intolerance or allergy*
- Gastroparesis (eg, postviral)
- Appendicitis¶
- Cholecystitis, cholelithiasis
- Pancreatitis
- Ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease
- Peptic ulcer
- Achalasia or chalasia
- Tracheoesophageal fistula
- Choledochal cyst
| - Gastroenteritis*
- Group A streptococcal infections* (including pharyngitis)
- Otitis media*
- Sepsis
- Meningitis, encephalitis, or brain abscess¶
- Pneumonia
- Pyelonephritis¶ or other urinary tract infection
- Hepatitis
- Hepatic abscess
|
| Endocrine and metabolic causes |
- Diabetic ketoacidosis¶
- Uremia (eg, from obstructive uropathy or kidney insufficiency)
- Renal tubular acidosis
- Hypercalcemia
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia¶
- Diabetes insipidus
- Inborn errors of metabolism, including:
- Disorders of carbohydrate intolerance¶ (eg, galactosemia, hereditary fructose intolerance)
- Amino acid and organic acid disorders¶ (eg, maple syrup urine disease)
- Urea cycle defects
- Fatty acid oxidation defects
- Mitochondrial disorders
|
| Genitourinary causes | Neurologic causes |
- Hydronephrosis
- Urinary tract obstruction
- Kidney stones
- Hydrometrocolpos
- Testicular or ovarian torsion
- Kidney insufficiency
| - Migraine
- Trauma (postconcussive)¶
- Increased intracranial pressure (eg, hydrocephalus, intracranial mass)¶
- Epilepsy
- Subdural hematoma¶
- Intracranial hemorrhage¶
|
| Toxic ingestions | Miscellaneous causes |
- Lead intoxication
- Iron intoxication
- Alcohol intoxication (ethanol or other toxic alcohol)
- Vitamin A or D intoxication
- Organophosphate exposure
- Medications (ipecac, digoxin, theophylline)
- Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (chronic cannabis use)
| - Coughing (posttussive)*
- Pregnancy¶
- Falsely reported or induced illness (Munchausen syndrome by proxy)
- Poor feeding technique
- Improper formula preparation
- Excessive air swallowing
- Inappropriate handling after feeding
- Psychogenic vomiting or bulimia
- Rumination syndrome
- Postnasal drip
- Cyclic vomiting syndrome
- Cricopharyngeal incoordination
- Vestibular injury or inflammation
- Heart failure
|
