Congenital features associated with difficult airway management in children

Features	Abnormalities^*
Misshapen head	Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, or Pfeiffer syndrome
Maxillary hypolasia	Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, or Pfeiffer syndrome
Abnormal neck mobility	Down syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, mucopolysaccharidoses
Microstomia	Freeman-Sheldon syndrome, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome
Mandibular hypoplasia	Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, Pierre-Robin sequence (eg, Stickler syndrome or DiGeorge [22q11.2 deletion] syndrome), Treacher-Collins syndrome, unilateral hypoplasia of the mandible (Goldenhar syndrome)
High arched or narrow palate	Achondroplasia, Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, de Lange syndrome, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, Treacher-Collins syndrome
Cleft palate	Branchio-Oculo-Facial syndrome, Cleft lip sequence, Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasia-Clefting syndrome
Large or protuding tongue	Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Down syndrome, or mucopolysaccharidoses
Neck masses	Cystic hygroma, hemangioma
Laryngeal or subglottic abnormalities	Laryngeal cysts or webs, subglottic stenosis

This table provides congenital abnormalities that are associated with difficult pediatric airway management. For more detail refer to UpToDate topics on the difficult pediatric airway.

* Partial list of representative disorders.

Graphic 79504 Version 5.0

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Congenital features associated with difficult airway management in children