Upper airway obstruction |
Sniffing position: neck is flexed with head extended to open airway |
Nasal flaring: also seen with lower airway disease |
Prolonged inspiration |
Retractions: supraclavicular, suprasternal |
Abnormal voice: hoarseness, hot potato voice |
Stridor |
Barking cough |
Transmitted upper airway sounds (stertor) |
Lower airway disease |
Retractions: intercostal, subcostal |
Nasal flaring: also seen with upper airway obstruction |
Prolonged expiration |
Wheezing: intrathoracic airway obstruction |
Grunting: may indicate severe respiratory distress or severe pain from an intraabdominal process |
Rales (crackles) |
Pleural rub |
Bronchophony |
Pulsus paradoxus: caused by severe lower airway obstruction or cardiac tamponade |
Cardiac disease |
Gallop |
Cardiac murmur |
Rales (crackles) |
Jugular venous distention |
Hepatomegaly |
Peripheral or periorbital edema |
Pulsus paradoxus: caused by cardiac tamponade or severe lower airway obstruction |
Central nervous system |
Abnormal respiratory pattern (Cheyne-Stokes, or ataxic) |
Metabolic |
Kussmal respirations |
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