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تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : 3 مورد
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Reference intervals in pregnancy

Reference intervals in pregnancy
  Nonpregnant females* First trimester Second trimester Third trimester References
Hematology
Erythropoietin (units/L) 4 to 27 12 to 25 8 to 67 14 to 222 1-3, 105
Ferritin (ng/mL) 10 to 150Δ 6 to 130 2 to 230 0 to 116 1-8
Folate, red blood cell (ng/mL) 150 to 450 137 to 589 94 to 828 109 to 663 6, 9, 10
Folate, serum (ng/mL) 5.4 to 18.0 2.6 to 15.0 0.8 to 24.0 1.4 to 20.7 1, 6, 9-13
Haptoglobin (mg/mL) 25 to 250 130±43 115±50 135±65 91
Hemoglobin (g/dL) 12 to 15.8Δ 11.6 to 13.9 9.7 to 14.8 9.5 to 15.0 2, 3, 6, 7, 13
Hematocrit (%) 35.4 to 44.4 31.0 to 41.0 30.0 to 39.0 28.0 to 40.0 1, 2, 5, 6, 13-15
Iron, total binding capacity (mcg/dL) 251 to 406 278 to 403 Not reported 359 to 609 7
Iron, serum (mcg/dL) 41 to 141 72 to 143 44 to 178 30 to 193 2, 7
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (pg/cell) 27 to 32 30 to 32 30 to 33 29 to 32 5
Mean corpuscular volume (×m3) 79 to 93 81 to 96 82 to 97 81 to 99 103
Platelet (×109/L) 165 to 415 174 to 391 155 to 409 146 to 429 5, 6, 14, 16, 17
Mean platelet volume (mcm3) 6.4 to 11.0 7.7 to 10.3 7.8 to 10.2 8.2 to 10.4 5
Red blood cell count (×106/mm3) 4.00 to 5.20Δ 3.42 to 4.55 2.81 to 4.49 2.71 to 4.43 5, 6, 13, 14
Red cell distribution width (%) <14.5 12.5 to 14.1 13.4 to 13.6 12.7 to 15.3 5
White blood cell count (×103/mm3) 3.5 to 9.1 5.7 to 13.6 5.6 to 14.8 5.9 to 16.9 5, 6, 13, 14, 18
Neutrophils (×103/mm3) 1.4 to 4.6 3.6 to 10.1 3.8 to 12.3 3.9 to 13.1 5, 14, 16, 18
Lymphocytes (×103/mm3) 0.7 to 4.6 1.1 to 3.6 0.9 to 3.9 1.0 to 3.6 5, 14, 16, 18
Monocytes (×103/mm3) 0.1 to 0.7 0.1 to 1.1 0.1 to 1.1 0.1 to 1.4 5, 14, 18
Eosinophils (×103/mm3) 0 to 0.6 0 to 0.6 0 to 0.6 0 to 0.6 14, 18
Basophils (×103/mm3) 0 to 0.2 0 to 0.1 0 to 0.1 0 to 0.1 14, 18
Transferrin (mg/dL) 200 to 400 254 to 344 220 to 441 288 to 530 4, 5
Transferrin, saturation without iron (%) 22 to 46 Not reported 10 to 44 5 to 37 3
Transferrin, saturation with iron (%) 22 to 46 Not reported 18 to 92 9 to 98 3
Hepcidin (ng/mL) Not reported 4 to 97 6 to 36 1 to 43 98, 100
Coagulation
Antithrombin, functional (%) 70 to 130 89 to 114 78 to 126 82 to 116 17, 19, 20
Factor V (%) 50 to 150 75 to 95 72 to 96 60 to 88 25
Factor VII (%) 50 to 150 100 to 146 95 to 153 149 to 211 17
Factor VIII (%) 50 to 150 90 to 210 97 to 312 143 to 353 17, 25
Factor IX (%) 50 to 150 103 to 172 154 to 217 164 to 235 17
Factor XI (%) 50 to 150 80 to 127 82 to 144 65 to 123 17
Factor XII (%) 50 to 150 78 to 124 90 to 151 129 to 194 17
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) 211 to 496 244 to 510 291 to 538 301 to 696 5, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 85
Homocysteine (mmol/L) 4.4 to 10.8 3.34 to 11 2.0 to 26.9 3.2 to 21.4 6, 9, 10-12
International Normalized Ratio 0.9 to 1.04◊ 0.86 to 1.08 0.83 to 1.02 0.80 to 1.09 19, 24, 106
Partial thromboplastin time, activated (seconds) 26.3 to 39.4 23.0 to 38.9 22.9 to 38.1 22.6 to 35.0 5, 17, 19, 24
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen (pg/mL) 17.3±5.7 17.7±1.9 Not reported 66.4±4.9 85
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity (arbitrary units) 9.3±1.9 9.0±0.8 Not reported 31.4±3.0 85
Prothrombin time (seconds) 12.7 to 15.4 9.7 to 13.5 9.5 to 13.4 9.6 to 12.9 5, 17, 24, 106
Protein C, functional (%) 70 to 130 78 to 121 83 to 133 67 to 135 19, 25, 26
Protein S, total (%) 70 to 140 39 to 105 27 to 101 33 to 101 17, 25, 26
Protein S, free (%) 70 to 140 34 to 133 19 to 113 20 to 65 25, 26
Protein S, functional activity (%) 65 to 140 57 to 95 42 to 68 16 to 42 25
Tissue plasminogen activator (ng/mL) 1.6 to 13§ 1.8 to 6.0 2.36 to 6.6 3.34 to 9.20 17, 19, 85
Tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (ng/mL) 4 to 43 16 to 33 36 to 55 67 to 92 17
Activated protein C resistance (APC-r) 2.12 to 5.00 1.79 to 4.75 1.00 to 2.83 1.61 to 5.00 104, 107
D-Dimer (DDU) (ng/mL) <500 200 to 900 200 to 1600 400 to 500 21-23, 97
von Willebrand measurements
von Willebrand factor antigen (%) 75 to 125 62 to 318 90 to 247 84 to 422 20, 27, 28
ADAMTS-13, von Willebrand cleaving protease 40 to 170¥ 40 to 160 22 to 135 38 to 105 20, 28
Blood chemical constituents
Alanine aminotransferase (units/L) 7 to 41 3 to 30 2 to 33 2 to 25 4, 5, 8, 29, 108
Albumin (g/dL) 4.1 to 5.3Δ 3.1 to 5.1 2.6 to 4.5 2.3 to 4.2 29-32
Alkaline phosphatase (units/L) 33 to 96 17 to 88 25 to 126 38 to 229 4, 5, 8, 29, 30
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (mg/dL) 100 to 200 225 to 323 273 to 391 327 to 487 5
Alpha-fetoprotein (ng/mL) — — Approximately 130-400 Approximately 130-590 93
Ammonia (microM) 31±3.2 — — 27.3±1.6 92
Amylase (units/L) 20 to 96 24 to 83 16 to 73 15 to 81 4, 5, 33, 34
Anion gap (mmol/L) 7 to 16 13 to 17 12 to 16 12 to 16 5
Aspartate aminotransferase (units/L) 12 to 38 3 to 23 3 to 33 4 to 32 4, 5, 8, 29, 108
Bicarbonate (mmol/L) 22 to 30 20 to 24 20 to 24 20 to 24 5
Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) 0.3 to 1.3 0.1 to 0.4 0.1 to 0.8 0.1 to 1.1 4, 29, 99
Bilirubin, unconjugated (mg/dL) 0.2 to 0.9 0.1 to 0.5 0.1 to 0.4 0.1 to 0.5 5, 29
Bilirubin, conjugated (mg/dL) 0.1 to 0.4 0 to 0.1 0 to 0.1 0 to 0.1 29
Bile acids (micromol/L) 0.3 to 4.8‡ 0 to 4.9 0 to 9.1 0 to 11.3 29, 35
CA 125 antigen (units/mL) 7.2 to 27.0 2/2 to 268 12 to 25.1 16.8 to 43.8 86, 87, 88
Calcium, ionized (mg/dL) 4.5 to 5.3 4.5 to 5.1 4.4 to 5.0 4.4 to 5.3 5, 31, 36, 37
Calcium, total (mg/dL) 8.7 to 10.2 8.8 to 10.6 8.2 to 9.0 8.2 to 9.7 4, 5, 30, 32, 36-38
Ceruloplasmin (mg/dL) 25 to 63 30 to 49 40 to 53 43 to 78 5, 39
Chloride (mEq/L) 102 to 109 101 to 105 97 to 109 97 to 109 4, 5, 40
Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.5 to 0.9Δ 0.4 to 0.7 0.4 to 0.8 0.4 to 0.9 4, 5, 46, 109
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (units/L) 9 to 58 2 to 23 4 to 22 3 to 26 4, 5, 8, 29
Lactate dehydrogenase (units/L) 115 to 221 78 to 433 80 to 447 82 to 524 4, 5, 32, 8
Lead (microg/dL) Not reported 6.8 to 7.7 5.8 to 6.6 6.8 to 7.8 110
Lipase (units/L) 3 to 43 21 to 76 26 to 100 41 to 112 33
Magnesium (mg/dL) 1.5 to 2.3 1.6 to 2.2 1.5 to 2.2 1.1 to 2.2 4, 5, 30-32, 36, 38
Osmolality (mOsm/kg H20) 275 to 295 275 to 280 276 to 289 278 to 280 38, 41
Phosphate (mg/dL) 2.5 to 4.3 3.1 to 4.6 2.5 to 4.6 2.8 to 4.6 4, 5, 30, 31, 42
Potassium (mEq/L) 3.5 to 5.0 3.6 to 5.0 3.3 to 5.0 3.3 to 5.1 4, 5, 15, 31, 32, 38, 40
Prealbumin (mg/dL) 17 to 34 15 to 27 20 to 27 14 to 23 5
Protein, total (g/dL) 6.7 to 8.6 6.2 to 7.6 5.7 to 6.9 5.6 to 6.7 5, 31, 32
Sodium (mEq/L) 136 to 146 133 to 148 129 to 148 130 to 148 4, 5, 15, 31, 32, 38, 41
Urea nitrogen (mg/dL) 7 to 20 7 to 12 3 to 13 3 to 11 4, 5, 40
Uric acid (mg/dL) 2.5 to 5.6Δ 2.0 to 4.2 2.4 to 4.9 3.1 to 6.3 4, 5, 41
Metabolic and endocrine tests
Adiponectin (ng/dL) Not reported 1141 to 13,499 1205 to 16,035 1428 to 13,857 111
Aldosterone (ng/dL) 2 to 9 6 to 104 9 to 104 15 to 101 43, 44, 45
Angiotensin converting enzyme (units/L) 9 to 67 1 to 38 1 to 36 1 to 39 39, 46
Alpha-fetoprotein (ng/mL) 0 to 8.5 Not reported 50 to 425 50 to 590 82, 84
Cortisol (mcg/dL) 0 to 25 7 to 19 10 to 42 12 to 50 5, 45
Hemoglobin A1C (%) 4 to 6 4 to 6 4 to 6 4 to 7 36, 47, 48
Iodine (urine, microg/dL) Not reported 75 to 291 89 to 316 Not reported 112
Leptin (pg/mL) Not reported 5594 to 166,097 1401 to 96,912 3997 to 189,930 111
Parathyroid hormone (pg/mL) 8 to 51 10 to 15 18 to 25 9 to 26 30
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (pmol/L) <1.3† 0.7 to 0.9 1.8 to 2.2 2.5 to 2.8 30
Renin, plasma activity (ng/mL/hour) 0.3 to 9.0† Not reported 7.5 to 54.0 5.9 to 58.8 40, 44

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (milli-int. units/mL)

[American Thyroid Association recommendation]**		 0.34 to 4.25 0.60 to 3.40 0.37 to 3.60 0.38 to 4.04 4, 5, 49
0.1 to 2.5 0.2 to 3.0 0.3 to 3.0 83
Thyroxine-binding globulin (mg/dL) 1.3 to 3.0 1.8 to 3.2 2.8 to 4.0 2.6 to 4.2 5
Thyroxine, free (ng/dL) 0.8 to 1.7 0.8 to 1.2 0.6 to 1.0 0.5 to 0.8 5, 49
Thyroxine, total (mcg/dL) 5.4 to 11.7 6.5 to 10.1 7.5 to 10.3 6.3 to 9.7 5, 32
Triiodothyronine, free (pg/mL) 2.4 to 4.2 4.1 to 4.4 4.0 to 4.2 Not reported 49
Triiodothyronine, total (ng/dL) 77 to 135 97 to 149 117 to 169 123 to 162 5
Vitamins and minerals
Copper (mcg/dL) 70 to 140 112 to 199 165 to 221 130 to 240 50, 51, 5
Selenium (mcg/L) 63 to 160 116 to 146 75 to 145 71 to 133 5, 50
Vitamin A (retinol) (mcg/dL) 20 to 100 32 to 47 35 to 44 29 to 42 5
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) 279 to 966 118 to 438 130 to 656 99 to 526 6, 10
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) (mg/dL) 0.4 to 1.0 Not reported Not reported 0.9 to 1.3 52
Vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxy (pg/mL) 25 to 45 20 to 65 72 to 160 60 to 119 30, 36
Vitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxy (ng/mL) 0.5 to 5.0† 1.2 to 1.8 1.1 to 1.5 0.7 to 0.9 53
Vitamin D, 25-hydroxy (ng/mL) 14 to 80 18 to 27 10 to 22 10 to 18 30, 53
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) (mcg/mL) 5 to 18 7 to 13 10 to 16 13 to 23 5
Zinc (mcg/dL) 75 to 120 57 to 88 51 to 80 50 to 77 5, 13, 50
Autoimmune and inflammatory mediators
C3 complement (mg/dL) 83 to 177 62 to 98 73 to 103 77 to 111 5
C4 complement (mg/dL) 16 to 47 18 to 36 18 to 34 22 to 32 5
C-reactive protein (mg/L) 0.2 to 3.0 Not reported 0.4 to 20.3 0.4 to 8.1 54
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/hour) 0 to 20Δ 4 to 57 7 to 47 13 to 70 55
Immunoglobulin A (mg/dL) 70 to 350 95 to 243 99 to 237 112 to 250 5
Immunoglobulin G (mg/dL) 700 to 1700 981 to 1267 813 to 1131 678 to 990 5
Immunoglobulin M (mg/dL) 50 to 300 78 to 232 74 to 218 85 to 269 5
Procalcitonin (ng/mL) Not reported 0.03 0.04 0.05 113
Sex hormones
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (mmol/L) 1.3 to 6.8† 2.0 to 16.5 0.9 to 7.8 0.8 to 6.5 56
Estradiol (pg/mL) <20 to 443Δ,¶¶ 188 to 2497 1278 to 7192 614 to 3460 56, 57
Progesterone (ng/mL) <1 to 20Δ 8 to 48   99 to 342 56, 57
Prolactin (ng/mL) 0 to 20 36 to 213 110 to 330 137 to 372 30, 47, 57, 58
Sex hormone binding globulin (nmol/L) 18 to 114Δ 39 to 131 214 to 717 216 to 724 56, 59
Testosterone (ng/dL) 6 to 86Δ 25.7 to 211.4 34.3 to 242.9 62.9 to 308.6 56
17-hydroxyprogesterone (nmol/L) 0.6 to 10.6Δ,† 5.2 to 28.5 5.2 to 28.5 15.5 to 84 56
Lipids
Cholesterol, total (mg/dL) <200 141 to 210 176 to 299 219 to 349 5, 60-62, 114
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) 40 to 60 40 to 78 52 to 87 48 to 87 5, 60-63
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) <100 60 to 153 77 to 184 101 to 224 5, 60-63
Very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) 6 to 40† 10 to 18 13 to 23 21 to 36 62
Triglycerides (mg/dL) <150 40 to 159 75 to 382 131 to 453 4, 5, 60-63
Apolipoprotein A-I (mg/dL) 119 to 240 111 to 150 142 to 253 145 to 262 4, 47, 61
Apolipoprotein B (mg/dL) 52 to 163 58 to 81 66 to 188 85 to 238 4, 47, 61
Cardiac function
Cardiac output (L/minute) 4.8 to 6.8 5.6 to 9.7 5.5 to 9.9 4.8 to 8.7 64, 65, 66, 67, 68
Cardiac index (L/min/m2) 2.6 to 4.2 3.2 to 4.6 3.1 to 4.7 2.5 to 4.4 65, 68
Stroke volume (mL) 79 to 90 77.5 to 107.6 70.3 to 107.6 54 to 99 65, 68, 69
Stroke index (mL/m2)   46 to 62 39 to 62 30 to 42 65
Systemic vascular resistance (dyns/cm5) 700 to 1600 747 to 1485 692 to 1201 1034 to 1201 65, 67, 70
Echocardiography
Intraventricular septal dimension (cm) 0.7 to 0.9 0.63 to 0.83 0.65 to 0.85 0.66 to 0.9 68, 69, 70, 89, 90
Posterior ventricular wall dimension (cm) 0.75 to 0.9 0.56 to 0.8 0.59 to 0.9 0.59 to 0.9 68, 69, 70, 89, 90
Left ventricular mass (g) 116 to 143 108 to 167 115 to 150 128 to 162 68, 70, 89, 90
Left ventricular mass index 40 to 78 53 to 79 58 to 82 60 to 88 68, 70, 89, 90
E/A ratio 1.4 to 1.75 1.6 1.4 1.3 68, 70
Left ventricular diastolic diameter (cm) 4.3 to 4.8 4.3 to 4.6 4.4 to 4.9 5.1 69, 70
Left ventricular systolic diameter (cm) 2.8 to 3.1 2.8 to 2.9 2.8 to 3.4 2.8 to 3.3 69, 70
Left vent, fractional shortening (%) 35 to 36 35 to 37 3.5 35 to 36 69, 70
Left vent ejection fraction (%) 60 to 73 61 to 75 61 to 63 60 to 73 69, 70
Diastolic function
Mitral E wave (m/second) 0.77±0.11 0.85±0.13 0.84±0.16 0.77±0.15 89, 90
Mitral A wave (m/second) 0.46±0.1 0.5±0.09 0.5±0.1 0.55±0.1 89, 90
Isovolumic relaxation time (m/second) 69±10 50±10 79±18 72±16 89, 90
Cardiac function (blood tests)
Atrial natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) Not reported Not reported 28.1 to 70.1 Not reported 73
B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) <167 (age- and gender-specific) 18.4 13.5 to 29.5 15.5 to 46 71, 72, 73, 95
Creatine kinase (units/L) 39 to 238Δ 27 to 83 25 to 75 13 to 101 5, 74
Creatine kinase-MB (units/L) <6ΔΔ — — 1.8 to 2.4 74
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) 50±26 60±45 60±40 43±34 94, 115, 116
Troponin I (hs-TnI) 0 to 1.0 0 to 1.0 0 to 1.0 0 to 1.0 102
Blood gas
pH 7.38 to 7.42 (arterial) 7.36 to 7.52 (venous) 7.40 to 7.52 (venous) 7.41 to 7.53 (venous) 31, 75
7.39 to 7.45 (arterial)
PO2 (mmHg) 90 to 100 93 to 100 90 to 98 92 to 107 75, 76
PCO2 (mmHg) 38 to 42 Not reported Not reported 25 to 33 75
Bicarbonate (HCO3–) (mEq/L) 22 to 26 Not reported Not reported 16 to 22 75
Renal function tests
Effective renal plasma flow (mL/minute) 492 to 696Δ,† 696 to 985 612 to 1170 595 to 945 77, 78
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (mL/minute) 106 to 132Δ 131 to 166 135 to 170 117 to 182 77, 78, 79
Filtration fraction (%) 16.9 to 24.7◊◊ 14.7 to 21.6 14.3 to 21.9 17.1 to 25.1 77, 78, 79
Osmolarity, urine (mOsm/kg) 500 to 800 326 to 975 278 to 1066 238 to 1034 80
24-h albumin excretion (mg/24 hours) <30 5 to 15 4 to 18 3 to 22 80, 81
24-h calcium excretion (mmol/24 hours) <7.5† 1.6 to 5.2 0.3 to 6.9 0.8 to 4.2 15
24-h creatinine clearance (mL/minute) 91 to 130 69 to 140 55 to 136 50 to 166 15, 78
24-h creatinine excretion (mmol/24 hours) 8.8 to 14† 10.6 to 11.6 10.3 to 11.5 10.2 to 11.4 80
24-h potassium excretion (mmol/24 hours) 25 to 100† 17 to 33 10 to 38 11 to 35 15
24-h protein excretion (mg/24 hours) <150 19 to 141 47 to 186 46 to 185 81
24-h sodium excretion (mmol/24 hours) 100 to 260† 53 to 215 34 to 213 37 to 149 15, 41
Pulmonary function tests
Forced vital capacity (FVC) (L) 4.00±0.51 3.89±0.48 3.92±0.48 4.00±0.53 96
Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (L) 3.20±0.41 3.18±0.44 3.16±0.39 3.20±0.43 96
Peak expiratory flow (PEF) (L/second) 7.18±1.05 6.71±1.19 6.92±1.13 7.19±1.10 96
Tidal volume (L) 0.21 to 0.48 0.52±0.15 0.54±0.15 0.57±0.14 101
Minute ventilation (L) 2.27 to 10.35 12.63±3.89 13.05±3.55 14.08±4.07 101
A pregnancy laboratory reference interval is an approximation of what can be expected in the overall healthy pregnant population. A value inside or outside of the interval does not necessarily indicate the presence or absence of a disorder in an individual patient.

* Unless otherwise specified, all normal reference values are from the seventeenth edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine[82].

¶ Range includes references with and without iron supplementation.

Δ Normal reference range is specific range for females.

◊ Reference values are from Cerneca et al: Coagulation and fibrinolysis changes in normal pregnancy increased levels of procoagulants and reduced levels of inhibitors during pregnancy induce a hypercoagulable state, combined with a reactive fibrinolysis[19].

§ References values are from Cerneca et al and Choi et al: Tissue plasminogen activator levels change with plasma fibrinogen concentrations during pregnancy[17,19].

¥ Reference values are from Mannuci et al: Changes in health and disease of the metalloprotease that cleaves von Willebrand factor[28].

‡ Reference values are from Bacq Y et al: Liver function tests in normal pregnancy: a prospective study of 102 pregnant women and 102 matched controls[29].

† Reference values are from the fifteenth edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine[83].

** The American Thyroid Association recommends these TSH ranges if individual laboratories do not determine their own trimester-specific reference ranges.

¶¶ Range is for premenopausal females and varies by menstrual cycle phase.

ΔΔ Reference values are from Leiserowitz GS et al: Creatine kinase and its MB isoenzyme in the third trimester and the peripartum period[74].

◊◊ Reference values are from Dunlop W: Serial changes in renal haemodynamics during normal human pregnancy[77].
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Modified and reproduced with permission from: Abbassi-Ghanavati M, Greer LG. Reference Table of Normal Laboratory Values in Uncomplicated Pregnancies. In: Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom S, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ, Spong CY. Williams Obstetrics, 23rd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Updated with information from: Abbassi-Ghanavati M, Greer LG. Reference Table of Normal Laboratory Values in Uncomplicated Pregnancies. In: Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom S, Dashe JD, Hoffman BL, Casey BM, Spong CY. Williams Obstetrics, 25th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018.
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