Version July 2025
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What is leukoplakia? —
This is a condition that causes white patches inside the mouth or on the tongue (picture 1). The patches can be thick. They usually develop slowly over time.
Leukoplakia is more common in people who smoke, chew tobacco, or drink alcohol. Leukoplakia can sometimes turn into mouth cancer after a few years, but this is uncommon.
A type of leukoplakia called "oral hairy leukoplakia" sometimes happens in people with HIV infection. This type is caused by a virus.
Should I see a doctor or nurse? —
Yes. If you have white patches on your tongue or in your mouth that don't go away, see your doctor or nurse.
Will I need tests? —
Maybe. The doctor or nurse will talk with you and do an exam. They might also do a test called a "biopsy." For a biopsy, the doctor takes a small sample of the gray or white patch. Then, another doctor looks at the sample under a microscope.
How is leukoplakia treated? —
The main treatment is to avoid the things that can increase your risk. For example:
●If you smoke or use chewing tobacco, try to quit. Your doctor or nurse can help.
●Avoid or limit alcohol.
Many people don't need any other treatment for leukoplakia. But if your doctor or nurse thinks it might turn into mouth cancer, they might recommend surgery to remove the leukoplakia. If you get surgery, it's important to see your doctor or nurse regularly afterward. They can check to see if the leukoplakia comes back. They can also check for any signs of mouth cancer, since in rare cases, leukoplakia can lead to cancer.
Patient education: Mouth sores (The Basics)
Patient education: Quitting smoking for adults (The Basics)
Patient education: Quitting smoking for teens (The Basics)
