Gout patients with established cardiovascular (CV) disease treated with febuxostat had a higher rate of CV death compared to those treated with allopurinol in a CV outcomes study. Consider the risks and benefits of febuxostat when deciding to prescribe or continue patients on febuxostat. Febuxostat should only be used in patients who have an inadequate response to a maximally titrated dose of allopurinol, who are intolerant to allopurinol, or for whom treatment with allopurinol is not advisable.
Note: Urate-lowering therapy (ULT) may be initiated during a gout flare or after the flare subsides; concomitant pharmacologic prophylaxis with colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or a glucocorticoid is recommended for at least the first 3 to 6 months to decrease flare activity (Ref).
Hyperuricemia: Oral: Initial: 40 mg once daily; may increase to 80 mg once daily in patients who do not achieve a serum uric acid level <6 mg/dL after 2 weeks. The dose may be increased further to 120 mg once daily if clinically indicated (Ref).
Tumor lysis syndrome, prevention (alternative therapy) (off-label use): Patients at intermediate or high risk for tumor lysis syndrome (TLS):
Note: Aggressive IV hydration should always be initiated prior to cytotoxic therapy in patients at elevated risk for TLS (Ref). The optimal dose of febuxostat for the prevention of TLS is not yet established (Ref).
Oral: 40 to 60 mg once daily (Ref) or 120 mg once daily (Ref). Begin 1 to 2 days before the start of chemotherapy and continue for up to 14 days until normalization of laboratory evidence of TLS (eg, serum uric acid, serum lactate dehydrogenase) (Ref).
The renal dosing recommendations are based upon the best available evidence and clinical expertise. Senior Editorial Team: Bruce Mueller, PharmD, FCCP, FASN, FNKF; Jason Roberts, PhD, BPharm (Hons), B App Sc, FSHP, FISAC; Michael Heung, MD, MS.
Altered kidney function:
CrCl ≥30 mL/minute: No dosage adjustment necessary (Ref).
CrCl <30 mL/minute: Initial: 20 to 40 mg once daily (Ref). Note: Observational studies in patients with hyperuricemia have reported safety and tolerability of 60 and 80 mg/day; a careful titration may be considered in patients unresponsive to standard doses (Ref).
Hemodialysis, intermittent (thrice weekly): Unlikely to be dialyzed (highly protein bound): Initial: 20 to 40 mg once daily; no supplemental dose necessary (Ref). Note: A small, retrospective, observational study in patients with hyperuricemia reported safety and tolerability of doses up to 80 mg/day (Ref); a careful titration may be considered in patients unresponsive to standard doses (Ref).
Peritoneal dialysis: Unlikely to be dialyzed (highly protein bound): Initial: 20 to 40 mg once daily (Ref). Note: A small, retrospective, observational study in patients with hyperuricemia reported safety and tolerability of doses up to 80 mg/day (Ref); a careful titration may be considered in patients unresponsive to standard doses (Ref).
CRRT: Dose as for CrCl <30 mL/minute (Ref).
PIRRT (eg, sustained, low-efficiency diafiltration ): Dose as for CrCl <30 mL/minute (Ref).
Preexisting hepatic impairment:
Mild to moderate impairment (Child-Pugh class A or B): No dosage adjustment necessary.
Severe impairment (Child-Pugh class C): There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling (has not been studied); use caution.
Hepatotoxicity during treatment:
ALT or AST >3 times ULN (in the clinical context of potential liver injury [eg, fatigue, anorexia, right upper quadrant pain, dark urine, jaundice]): Interrupt febuxostat therapy and evaluate. Do not reinitiate febuxostat if liver injury is confirmed or no alternate etiology for liver test abnormalities is identified.
ALT or AST >3 times ULN and serum total bilirubin >2 times ULN without alternative etiology: Permanently discontinue.
Hypersensitivity or severe skin reactions: Discontinue febuxostat if hypersensitivity or severe skin reactions develop.
Refer to adult dosing.
Acute gout attacks have been reported during the early stages of urate-lowering therapy, including febuxostat, even when normal or optimal serum uric acid levels have been attained. Gout attacks generally decrease in duration and severity after several months of urate-lowering therapy (Ref)
Mechanism: Dose-related; related to the pharmacologic action and innate immune response. Decrease in serum urate leads to the dissolution of monosodium urate crystal deposits and dispersion of crystals. Gout flares occur via complement activation and direct interaction of monosodium urate crystals with neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages (Ref).
Onset: Varied; most likely to occur within first 6 months of treatment (Ref); risk is lower after 1 year of treatment (Ref).
Risk factors:
• Early in course of treatment (Ref)
• Initiating urate-lowering treatment without concurrent gout flare prophylaxis (Ref)
• Withdrawal of anti-inflammatory gout flare prophylaxis <3 months after initiation (Ref)
• Uric acid >6 mg/dL during treatment (Ref)
• Rapid decreases and/or greater reduction in uric acid (Ref)
• Presence of tophi (Ref)
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions may occur, including morbilliform skin rash and severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) (Ref). SCARs include drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis (Ref). Other delayed reactions include eosinophilic polymyositis (Ref).
Mechanism: Immunologic; delayed hypersensitivity reactions, including morbilliform drug eruptions and SCARs are T-cell-mediated (Ref).
Onset: Delayed hypersensitivity reactions: Varied; usually occur within 2 months after initiation with a median of 21 days (Ref).
Risk factors:
• Cross-reactivity between allopurinol and febuxostat: No suspected cross-reactivity based on structural similarity; febuxostat is a non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitor (Ref). Unlike allopurinol SCAR reactions, there is no known HLA association and no association with HLA-B*58:01 (Ref). Most patients with a history of a hypersensitivity reaction to allopurinol can tolerate febuxostat (Ref). While there may be increased risk of a skin reaction with febuxostat in patients with a history of reactions to allopurinol, the basis of this may not be cross-reactivity. Patients with allopurinol SCAR reactions, such as DRESS, can have relapse of the rash in the absence of the drug following the reaction (Ref). In one study, febuxostat did not differ significantly from allopurinol in the risk of hypersensitivity reactions (Ref).
Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including cardiovascular death and hospitalizations due to heart failure (HF), have been reported in association with febuxostat (Ref). In contrast, other studies have not found an elevated risk of MACE (Ref). Guidelines recommend considering alternative urate-lowering therapy in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or a new CVD-related event (Ref). There may be an increased risk of CV events with febuxostat compared to allopurinol; although, some studies show similar risk (Ref).
Mechanism: Unknown; xanthine oxidase inhibition may disrupt the activity of nitric oxide synthase, which can reduce coronary blood flow and cause ineffective excitation contraction myocardial coupling. Additionally, the chemical activities of a non–purine-like medication (febuxostat) compared to a purine analog (allopurinol) may contribute to less cardiovascular (CV) protective effects (Ref). Rebound hyperuricemia at the time of drug discontinuation may lead to acute inflammation caused by monosodium urate crystals that deposit within the CV system, as well as endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress (Ref).
Onset: Varied; may occur at any point during treatment. Increased incidence of CV events, including CV death, have also been observed within 6 months after discontinuation (Ref).
Risk factors:
• History of CVD (Ref)
• Female patients may have an increased risk of HF hospitalization (Ref)
• Discontinuation of febuxostat; and after discontinuation, fluctuations in uric acid levels, age, and body mass index (Ref)
The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified. Adverse reactions reported in adults.
1% to 10%:
Dermatologic: Skin rash (0.5% to 2%) (table 1)
Drug (Febuxostat) |
Comparator (Allopurinol) |
Placebo |
Dose |
Number of Patients (Febuxostat) |
Number of Patients (Allopurinol) |
Number of Patients (Placebo) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2% |
2% |
0.7% |
80 mg daily |
1,279 |
1,277 |
134 |
0.5% |
2% |
0.7% |
40 mg daily |
757 |
1,277 |
134 |
Gastrointestinal: Nausea (1%)
Hepatic: Hepatic insufficiency (5% to 7%), increased serum alanine aminotransferase (3%), increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (2%)
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Arthralgia (≤1%)
<1%:
Cardiovascular: Angina pectoris, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, chest pain, ECG abnormality, edema, flushing, heart murmur, hypertension, hypotension, increased serum creatine kinase, palpitations, sinus bradycardia, tachycardia
Dermatologic: Abnormal skin odor, alopecia, dermatitis, ecchymoses, eczema, exfoliation of skin, hair discoloration, hyperhidrosis, pruritus, skin discoloration, skin lesion, skin photosensitivity, urticaria (including dermographism)
Endocrine & metabolic: Decreased libido, decreased serum bicarbonate, dehydration, diabetes mellitus, gynecomastia, hirsutism, hot flash, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypokalemia, increased lactate dehydrogenase, increased LDL cholesterol, increased serum potassium, increased serum sodium, increased thirst, increased thyroid stimulating hormone level, weight gain, weight loss
Gastrointestinal: Abdominal distention, abdominal pain, anorexia, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, constipation, decreased appetite, dysgeusia, dyspepsia, flatulence, frequent bowel movements, gastric hyperacidity, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastrointestinal distress, gingival pain, hematemesis, hematochezia, increased appetite, increased serum amylase, oral mucosa ulcer, pancreatitis, peptic ulcer, vomiting, xerostomia
Genitourinary: Decreased urine output, erectile dysfunction, hematuria, increased urine output, mastalgia, pollakiuria, prostate specific antigen increase, proteinuria, urinary incontinence, urinary urgency
Hematologic & oncologic: Anemia, blood coagulation test abnormality, bruise, immune thrombocytopenia, increased MCV, leukocytosis, leukocyturia, leukopenia, lymphocytopenia, neutropenia, pancytopenia, petechia, prolonged partial thromboplastin time, prolonged prothrombin time, purpuric disease, splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia
Hepatic: Hepatitis, hepatomegaly, increased serum alkaline phosphatase, liver steatosis
Hypersensitivity: Angioedema
Infection: Herpes zoster infection
Nervous system: Abnormal electroencephalogram, abnormal gait, agitation, altered sense of smell (decreased), anxiety, asthenia, balance impairment, cerebral infarction (lacunar), cerebrovascular accident, decreased mental acuity, depression, drowsiness, fatigue, feeling abnormal, Guillain-Barré syndrome, headache, hemiparesis, hypertonia, hypoesthesia, insomnia, irritability, lethargy, migraine, myasthenia, nervousness, pain, panic attack, paresthesia, personality changes, transient ischemic attacks, tremor, vertigo
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Arthritis, increased creatine phosphokinase in blood specimen, joint stiffness, joint swelling, muscle rigidity, muscle spasm, muscle twitching, musculoskeletal pain, myalgia
Ophthalmic: Blurred vision
Otic: Deafness, tinnitus
Renal: Casts in urine, increased blood urea nitrogen, increased serum creatinine, nephrolithiasis, renal failure syndrome
Respiratory: Bronchitis, cough, dry nose, dyspnea, epistaxis, flu-like symptoms, paranasal sinus hypersecretion, pharyngeal edema, respiratory congestion, sneezing, throat irritation, upper respiratory tract infection
Miscellaneous: Mass
Frequency not defined: Endocrine & metabolic: Acute gout attack
Postmarketing:
Dermatologic: Erythema multiforme, fixed drug eruption (Oda 2016), Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (Han 2020)
Hematologic & oncologic: Agranulocytosis (Poh 2017), eosinophilia
Hepatic: Hepatic failure, hepatic injury (acute) (Bohm 2016), jaundice (Bohm 2016)
Hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (Paschou 2016)
Nervous system: Psychotic symptoms (including aggressive behavior)
Neuromuscular & musculoskeletal: Polymyositis (eosinophilic) (Chahine 2017), rhabdomyolysis (Kang 2014)
Renal: Interstitial nephritis
Concurrent use with azathioprine or mercaptopurine.
Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
Canadian labeling: Additional contraindications (not in US labeling): Hypersensitivity to febuxostat or any component of the formulation.
Disease-related concerns:
• Secondary hyperuricemia: Use in secondary hyperuricemia has not been studied; avoid use in patients at increased risk of urate formation (eg, malignancy and its treatment; Lesch-Nyhan syndrome).
Dosage forms specific issues:
• Lactose: Contains lactose.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Tablet, Oral:
Uloric: 40 mg, 80 mg
Generic: 40 mg, 80 mg
Yes
Tablets (Febuxostat Oral)
40 mg (per each): $8.65 - $12.38
80 mg (per each): $8.65 - $12.38
Tablets (Uloric Oral)
40 mg (per each): $13.20
80 mg (per each): $13.20
Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product
Tablet, Oral:
Uloric: 80 mg [DSC] [contains fd&c blue #1 (brilliant blue), fd&c blue #2 (indigotine,indigo carmine), quinoline (d&c yellow #10) aluminum lake]
Generic: 80 mg
Oral: Administer with or without meals or antacids.
An FDA-approved patient medication guide, which is available with the product information and at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/021856s015lbl.pdf#page=19, must be dispensed with this medication.
Hyperuricemia: Chronic management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout who have an inadequate response to a maximally titrated dose of allopurinol, who are intolerant to allopurinol, or for whom treatment with allopurinol is not advisable
Limitations of use: Not recommended for treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia.
Tumor lysis syndrome, prevention (alternative therapy)
Substrate of CYP1A2 (minor), CYP2C8 (minor), CYP2C9 (minor), UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, UGT2B7; Note: Assignment of Major/Minor substrate status based on clinically relevant drug interaction potential; Inhibits BCRP/ABCG2
Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.
Alpelisib: BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Alpelisib. Management: Avoid coadministration of BCRP/ABCG2 inhibitors and alpelisib due to the potential for increased alpelisib concentrations and toxicities. If coadministration cannot be avoided, closely monitor for increased alpelisib adverse reactions. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
AzaTHIOprine: Febuxostat may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of AzaTHIOprine. Febuxostat may increase the serum concentration of AzaTHIOprine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Belumosudil: May increase the serum concentration of UGT1A1 Substrates. Management: Avoid coadministration of belumosudil with substrates of UGT1A1 for which minimal concentration increases can cause serious adverse effects. If coadministration is required, dose reductions of the UGT1A1 substrate may be required. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Berotralstat: BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Berotralstat. Management: Decrease the berotralstat dose to 110 mg daily when combined with BCRP inhibitors. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Cladribine: BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Cladribine. Management: Avoid concomitant use of BCRP inhibitors during the 4 to 5 day oral cladribine treatment cycles whenever possible. If combined, consider dose reduction of the BCRP inhibitor and separation in the timing of administration. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Didanosine: Febuxostat may increase the serum concentration of Didanosine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Mercaptopurine: Febuxostat may increase the serum concentration of Mercaptopurine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Methotrexate: Febuxostat may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Methotrexate. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Mitapivat: May decrease the serum concentration of UGT1A1 Substrates. Risk C: Monitor therapy
PAZOPanib: BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of PAZOPanib. Risk X: Avoid combination
Pegloticase: Febuxostat may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Pegloticase. Specifically, Febuxostat may blunt increases in serum urate that would signal an elevated risk of anaphylaxis and infusion reactions. Risk X: Avoid combination
Rosuvastatin: Febuxostat may increase the serum concentration of Rosuvastatin. Management: Limit the dose of rosuvastatin to 20 mg daily when combined with febuxostat. Monitor closely for increased rosuvastatin effects/toxicities (eg, myalgias, rhabdomyolysis) when these agents are combined. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Talazoparib: BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Talazoparib. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Theophylline Derivatives: Febuxostat may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Theophylline Derivatives. Specifically, concentrations of 1-methylxanthine, a metabolite of unknown clinical importance, may become elevated. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Topotecan: BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Topotecan. Risk X: Avoid combination
Ubrogepant: BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Ubrogepant. Management: Use an initial ubrogepant dose of 50 mg and second dose (at least 2 hours later if needed) of 50 mg when used with a BCRP inhibitor. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Adverse events were observed in some animal reproduction studies.
It is not known if febuxostat is present in breast milk. According to the manufacturer, the decision to continue or discontinue breastfeeding during therapy should take into account the risk of infant exposure, the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant, and benefits of treatment to the mother.
LFTs at baseline, periodically, and if signs/symptoms of hepatic injury (eg, fatigue, anorexia, right upper quadrant pain, dark urine, jaundice). For gout, monitor serum uric acid levels (as early as 2 weeks after initiation, after each dosage titration), then every 6 months (symptomatic patients or tophi) or every 12 months (all patients on urate-lowering therapy, regardless of symptoms) (FitzGerald 2018). Monitor for signs/symptoms of cardiovascular events and signs/symptoms of hypersensitivity or severe skin reactions.
Uric acid, serum:
Adults:
Note: Reference ranges may vary depending on the laboratory.
Normal values: 3 to 7 mg/dL (SI: 178.5 to 416.5 micromole/L).
Goal during therapy: <6 mg/dL (SI: <357 micromole/L); <5 mg/dL (SI: <297.5 micromole/L) in patients with severe gout (eg, tophi, frequent attacks, chronic arthropathy) (EULAR [Richette 2017]). Levels <3 mg/dL (SI: <178.5 micromole/L) are not recommended long-term (EULAR [Richette 2017]).
Note: Serum uric acid values >7 mg/dL (SI: >416.5 micromole/L) do not necessarily represent clinical gout; the American College of Rheumatology clinical practice guidelines recommend against initiating pharmacologic management of asymptomatic hyperuricemia (ACR [FitzGerald 2020]).
Selectively inhibits xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid thereby decreasing uric acid. At therapeutic concentration does not inhibit other enzymes involved in purine and pyrimidine synthesis.
Absorption: ≥49%
Distribution: Vss: ~50 L
Protein binding: ~99%, primarily to albumin
Metabolism: Extensive conjugation via uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) 1A1, 1A3, 1A9, and 2B7 and oxidation via cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2C8, and 2C9 as well as non-P450 enzymes. Oxidation leads to formation of active metabolites (67M-1, 67M-2, 67M-4)
Half-life elimination: ~5 to 8 hours
Time to peak, plasma: 1 to 1.5 hours
Excretion: Urine (~49% mostly as metabolites, 3% as unchanged drug); feces (~45% mostly as metabolites, 12% as unchanged drug)
Sex: Following multiple oral doses, Cmax and AUC are 30% and 14% higher in women than men, respectively.
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