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Apomorphine: Drug information

Apomorphine: Drug information
(For additional information see "Apomorphine: Patient drug information")

For abbreviations, symbols, and age group definitions used in Lexicomp (show table)
Brand Names: US
  • Apokyn;
  • Kynmobi Titration Kit [DSC];
  • Kynmobi [DSC]
Brand Names: Canada
  • Kynmobi [DSC];
  • Movapo [DSC]
Pharmacologic Category
  • Anti-Parkinson Agent, Dopamine Agonist
Dosing: Adult

Note: Beginning antiemetic therapy (eg, trimethobenzamide) is recommended 3 days prior to initiation; continue only as long as necessary, and generally no longer than 2 months, due to increased risk of adverse events. Apomorphine is intended to be used as adjunctive therapy with other anti-Parkinson agents.

Parkinson disease, "off" episode

Parkinson disease, "off" episode:

Sublingual film: Note: Determine starting dose when patient is in an "off" state and in a setting where a health care provider can monitor blood pressure and pulse. In clinical trials, to achieve an "off" state, the morning dose of carbidopa/levodopa (or any adjunctive Parkinson disease medications) was withheld and any Parkinson disease medications were avoided after midnight the night before. If response insufficient but dose tolerated, patient should resume usual Parkinson medications and return to health care provider in an "off" state to reinitiate at the next dose increment.

Initial: 10 mg as needed at intervals ≥2 hours for "off" episodes up to a maximum of 5 doses per day; may increase dose in 5 mg increments within 3 days based on response and tolerability up to a maximum single dose of 30 mg.

SUBQ: Initial test dose 0.1 mL (1 mg) or 0.2 mL (2 mg), medical supervision required; see "Note." Consider initiating therapy at 0.1 mL (1 mg) as an alternative to trimethobenzamide therapy to reduce the incidence of nausea and vomiting. Subsequent dosing is based on both tolerance and response to initial test dose.

If patient tolerates and responds to 0.1 mL (1 mg) test dose: Starting dose: 0.1 mL (1 mg) as needed; may increase dose in 0.1 mL (1 mg) increments every few days; maximum dose: 0.6 mL (6 mg).

If patient tolerates or does not tolerate and responds to 0.2 mL (2 mg) test dose: Starting dose: 0.2 mL (2 mg) as needed; may increase dose in 0.1 mL (1 mg) increments every few days; patients who do not tolerate the 0.2 mL (2 mg) test dose may need the dose increased slowly; maximum dose: 0.6 mL (6 mg).

If patient tolerates but does not respond to 0.1 mL (1 mg) test dose: Second test dose: 0.2 mL (2 mg).

If patient tolerates but does not respond to 0.2 mL (2 mg) test dose: Second test dose: 0.4 mL (4 mg).

If patient tolerates and responds to 0.4 mL (4 mg) test dose: Starting dose: 0.3 mL (3 mg), as needed for “off” episodes; may increase dose in 0.1 mL (1 mg) increments every few days; maximum dose: 0.6 mL (6 mg).

If patient does not tolerate 0.4 mL (4 mg) test dose: Third test dose: 0.3 mL (3 mg).

If patient tolerates 0.3 mL (3 mg) test dose: Starting dose: 0.2 mL (2 mg) as needed for “off” episodes; after a few days, may increase dose up to 0.3 mL (3 mg). Medically supervise for any subsequent dose increases >0.3 mL (3 mg).

If therapy is interrupted for >1 week, restart at 0.2 mL (2 mg) and gradually titrate dose.

Note: Medical supervision is required for all test doses with standing and supine blood pressure monitoring predose and 20-, 40-, and 60 minutes postdose (and after 60 minutes, if there is significant hypotension at 60 minutes). If subsequent test doses are required, wait >2 hours before another test dose is given; next test dose should be timed with another “off” episode. If a single dose is ineffective for a particular “off” episode, then a second dose should not be given. The average dosing frequency was 3 times/day in the development program with limited experience in dosing >5 times/day, single doses >0.6 mL (6 mg), and with total daily doses >2 mL (20 mg).

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Adult

Sublingual film:

CrCl ≥30 mL/minute: No dosage adjustment necessary.

CrCl <30 mL/minute: Avoid use.

SUBQ:

Mild to moderate impairment: Initial test dose: 0.1 mL (1 mg); Starting dose: 0.1 mL (1 mg) as needed.

Severe impairment: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling (has not been studied).

Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Adult

Sublingual film:

Mild to moderate impairment (Child-Pugh class A or B): No dosage adjustment necessary.

Severe impairment (Child-Pugh class C): Avoid use.

SUBQ:

Mild to moderate impairment: No dosage adjustment necessary; use caution.

Severe impairment: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling (has not been studied).

Dosing: Older Adult

Use with caution; adverse effects (confusion and hallucinations), some serious, are reported more frequently in patients ≥65 years of age. Refer to adult dosing.

Adverse Reactions

The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified. Reported percentages are for the SUBQ product unless otherwise specified.

>10%:

Cardiovascular: Angina pectoris (≤15%), chest pain (≤15%), chest pressure (≤15%), hypotension (SUBQ: ≤11%; sublingual film: ≤4%), orthostatic hypotension (SUBQ: ≤20%; sublingual film: ≤4%), syncope (SUBQ: ≤11%; sublingual film: ≤4%)

Gastrointestinal: Nausea (SUBQ: ≤30%; sublingual film: 21% to 28%; can be severe nausea; can occur with antiemetic pretreatment), oral paresthesia (sublingual film: ≤13%), vomiting (SUBQ: ≤30%; sublingual film: 4% to 7%; can be severe vomiting; can occur with antiemetic pretreatment)

Local: Injection-site reaction (5% to 26%; bruising at injection site [16%], injection-site granuloma [4%], injection-site pruritus [2%])

Nervous system: Dizziness (SUBQ: ≤20%; sublingual film: 9% to 11%), drowsiness (SUBQ: 35%; sublingual film: 11% to 13%), falling (SUBQ: 30%; sublingual film: 4% to 6%), hallucination (SUBQ: ≤14%, sublingual film: ≤6%), yawning (SUBQ: 40%; sublingual film: 4% to 12% [Olanow 2020])

Neuromuscular & skeletal: Dyskinesia (SUBQ: 24% to 35%; sublingual film: 1% [Olanow 2020])

Respiratory: Oropharyngeal edema (sublingual film: 1% to 15%), oropharyngeal pain (sublingual film: ≤13%), rhinorrhea (SUBQ: 20%; sublingual film: 6% to 7%)

1% to 10%:

Cardiovascular: Acute myocardial infarction (≤4%), edema (≤10%), heart failure (≥5%), presyncope (sublingual film: ≤4%), swelling of extremities (≤10%)

Dermatologic: Diaphoresis (≥5%), ecchymoses (≥5%), hyperhidrosis (sublingual film: 4% to 6%), urticaria (sublingual film: ≤6%)

Endocrine & metabolic: Dehydration (≥5%)

Gastrointestinal: Constipation (≥5%), diarrhea (≥5%), oral mucosa ulcer (sublingual film: ≤7%), oral mucosal erythema (sublingual film: 4% to 7%), stomatitis (sublingual film: ≤7%), xerostomia (sublingual film: 1% to 6%)

Genitourinary: Urinary tract infection (≥5%)

Hypersensitivity: Facial swelling (sublingual film: ≤6%), hypersensitivity reaction (sublingual film: 6%)

Nervous system: Anxiety (≥5%), %), asthenia (≥5%), confusion (SUBQ: ≤10%; sublingual film: ≤6%), delusion (sublingual film: ≤6%), depression (≥5%), disorientation (sublingual film: ≤6%), exacerbation of Parkinson disease (≥5%), fatigue (SUBQ: ≥5%; sublingual film: 3% to 7%), headache (SUBQ: ≥5%; sublingual film: 6% to 8%), insomnia (≥5%)

Neuromuscular & skeletal: Arthralgia (≥5%), back pain (≥5%), limb pain (≥5%)

Respiratory: Dyspnea (≥5%), pneumonia (≥5%)

Miscellaneous: Laceration (sublingual film: 1% to 6%)

<1%: Genitourinary: Priapism

Postmarketing:

Cardiovascular: Prolonged QT interval on ECG (dose related)

Hematologic & oncologic: Hemolytic anemia (Colosimo 1994; Frankel 1990)

Nervous system: Aggressive behavior, agitation, behavioral changes, impulse control disorder (including, increased libido, pathological gambling), mental status changes, paranoid ideation, psychosis (acute), sudden onset of sleep

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to apomorphine, any component of the formulation, or to a sulfite; concomitant use with 5-HT3 antagonists.

Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Canadian labeling: Additional contraindications (not in US labeling): Concomitant use with antihypertensives or vasodilators (Movapo); severe hepatic or renal impairment.

Warnings/Precautions

Concerns related to adverse effects:

• GI effects: Severe nausea and vomiting may occur. Pretreatment with antiemetic (eg, trimethobenzamide) is necessary and should be started 3 days prior to initiation of therapy and continued only as long as necessary to control nausea/vomiting, and generally no longer than 2 months. Trimethobenzamide increases the risk of somnolence, dizziness, and falls. Avoid use of antidopaminergic antiemetic agents (eg, promethazine, prochlorperazine, chlorpromazine, metoclopramide, haloperidol).

• Hallucinations/psychosis: May cause hallucinations or psychotic-like behavior or thoughts (eg, paranoia, delusions, confusion, disorientation, aggression, agitation, delirium) which may be severe; avoid in patients with major psychotic disorders.

• Hemolytic anemia: Hemolytic anemia, requiring hospitalization and including severe anemia, angina, and dyspnea, has been reported and may occur at any time after treatment; most cases included a positive direct antiglobulin test (Coombs test) suggesting a potential immune-mediated hemolysis. If hemolytic anemia occurs, consider discontinuing treatment.

• Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity reactions (including angioedema or anaphylaxis) to apomorphine or its sulfite component may occur. If a hypersensitivity reaction to apomorphine occurs, discontinue and do not restart.

• Impulse control disorders: Has been associated with compulsive behaviors and/or loss of impulse control, which has manifested as pathological gambling, libido increases (hypersexuality), binge eating, and/or other intense urges. Dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy has been reported to reverse these behaviors in some, but not all cases.

• Orthostatic hypotension/syncope: May cause orthostatic hypotension, especially during dose escalation, and syncope. Parkinson disease patients appear to have an impaired capacity to respond to a postural challenge. The hypotensive effects of apomorphine are exacerbated by concomitant ethanol consumption and sublingual nitroglycerin use. Additional risk factors for hypotension may include concomitant use of other antihypertensive drugs or vasodilators or where transient hypotensive episodes would be poorly tolerated (cardiovascular disease or cerebrovascular disease). Carefully monitor for signs and symptoms of postural hypotension (especially during dose escalation). Avoid ethanol during therapy.

• Pleural/retroperitoneal fibrosis: Ergot-derived dopamine agonists have also been associated with fibrotic complications (eg, retroperitoneal fibrosis, pleural thickening, cardiac valvulopathy, and pulmonary infiltrates); monitor closely for signs and symptoms of fibrosis; effects may or may not be reversible.

• Priapism: Has been reported; severe priapism may require medical attention.

• Somnolence: Somnolence and falling asleep while engaging in activities of daily living, without prior warning signs, has been reported. Monitor for daytime somnolence or preexisting sleep disorder; caution with concomitant sedating medication; discontinue if significant daytime sleepiness or episodes of falling asleep occur. Patients must be cautioned about performing tasks which require mental alertness (eg, operating machinery or driving). Use with caution in patients receiving other CNS depressants or psychoactive agents. Effects with other sedative drugs or ethanol may be potentiated.

Disease-related concerns:

• Cardiovascular disease: Use with caution in patients with cardiovascular disease; hypotension may cause coronary ischemia.

• Cerebrovascular disease: Use with caution in patients with cerebrovascular disease; hypotension may cause cerebral ischemia.

• Dyskinesias: Use with caution in patients with preexisting dyskinesias; may be exacerbated.

• Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment; avoid use in severe hepatic impairment (sublingual film).

• Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment; avoid use in severe renal impairment (sublingual film).

Special populations:

• Older adult: Adverse effects (confusion and hallucinations), some serious, are reported more frequently in patients ≥65 years; use with caution.

• Patients at risk for torsades de pointes: Use with caution in patients with risk factors for torsades de pointes (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, bradycardia, concurrent use of drugs that prolong QTc, or genetic predisposition).

Dosage form specific issues:

• Benzyl alcohol: Injection may contain benzyl alcohol which has been associated with "gasping syndrome" in neonates.

• Metabisulfite: Contains metabisulfite, which may cause hypersensitivity reactions. Sensitivity to sulfites is more common in patients with asthma and may cause hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylaxis and life-threatening asthma exacerbations).

• Sublingual film: Mild to moderate oral mucosal irritation (ulceration, stomatitis, pain, paresthesia) has occurred; usually resolved after discontinuation (rechallenge is not recommended).

Other warnings/precautions:

• Abuse: Rare cases of abuse have been reported.

• Appropriate administration: Do not give SUBQ formulation IV; thrombus formation or pulmonary embolism may occur.

• Discontinuation of therapy: Dopaminergic agents have been associated with a syndrome resembling neuroleptic malignant syndrome (eg, hyperpyrexia, confusion) on abrupt withdrawal or significant dosage reduction after long-term use.

• Falling: Patients with Parkinson disease are at risk of falling; apomorphine may increase this risk.

Dosage Forms: US

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product

Film, Sublingual, as hydrochloride:

Kynmobi: 10 mg (30 ea [DSC]); 15 mg (30 ea [DSC]); 20 mg (30 ea [DSC]); 25 mg (30 ea [DSC]); 30 mg (30 ea [DSC]) [contains edetate (edta) disodium dihydrate, fd&c blue #1 (brilliant blue), levomenthol, sodium metabisulfite]

Kit, Sublingual, as hydrochloride:

Kynmobi Titration Kit: 10 mg (2s), 15 mg (2s), 20 mg (2s), 25 mg (2s), 30 mg (2s) [DSC] [contains edetate (edta) disodium dihydrate, fd&c blue #1 (brilliant blue), levomenthol, sodium metabisulfite]

Solution Cartridge, Subcutaneous, as hydrochloride:

Apokyn: 30 mg/3 mL (3 mL) [contains benzyl alcohol, sodium metabisulfite]

Generic: 30 mg/3 mL (3 mL)

Generic Equivalent Available: US

May be product dependent

Pricing: US

Solution Cartridge (Apokyn Subcutaneous)

30 mg/3 mL (per mL): $591.32

Solution Cartridge (Apomorphine HCl Subcutaneous)

30 mg/3 mL (per mL): $469.18

Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.

Dosage Forms: Canada

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product

Film, Sublingual, as hydrochloride:

Kynmobi: 10 mg ([DSC]); 15 mg ([DSC]); 20 mg ([DSC]); 25 mg ([DSC]); 30 mg ([DSC]) [contains edetate (edta) disodium dihydrate, fd&c blue #1 (brilliant blue), levomenthol, sodium metabisulfite]

Solution Pen-injector, Subcutaneous:

Movapo: 10 mg/mL ([DSC])

Prescribing and Access Restrictions

Apokyn is only available through specialty pharmacies and cannot be obtained through a retail pharmacy. For more information, contact 1-877-7APOKYN (1-877-727-6596).

Administration: Adult

Sublingual film: Do not remove from pouch until immediately before use. Drink water to moisten mouth, then place film under the tongue and allow to dissolve (~3 minutes). Do not talk or swallow saliva while dissolving because this can impact absorption. Administer whole; do not cut, chew, or swallow.

SUBQ: For SUBQ administration only; do not administer IV (thrombus formation or pulmonary embolism may occur due to IV crystallization). Administer in abdomen, upper arm, or upper leg; change site with each injection. Three mL cartridges are used with a manual, reusable, multidose injector pen. Injector pen can deliver up to 1 mL (10 mg) in 0.02 mL (0.2 mg) increments.

Hazardous Drugs Handling Considerations

Hazardous agent (NIOSH 2016 [group 2]).

Use appropriate precautions for receiving, handling, storage, preparation, dispensing, transporting, administration, and disposal. Follow NIOSH and USP 800 recommendations and institution-specific policies/procedures for appropriate containment strategy (NIOSH 2016; USP-NF 2020).

Note: Facilities may perform risk assessment of some hazardous drugs to determine if appropriate for alternative handling and containment strategies (USP-NF 2020). Refer to institution-specific handling policies/procedures.

Use: Labeled Indications

Parkinson disease:

Sublingual film: Treatment of acute, intermittent "off" episodes in patients with Parkinson disease.

SUBQ: Treatment of acute, intermittent hypomobility "off" episodes in patients with advanced Parkinson disease.

Metabolism/Transport Effects

Substrate of CYP1A2 (minor), CYP2C19 (minor), CYP3A4 (minor); Note: Assignment of Major/Minor substrate status based on clinically relevant drug interaction potential

Drug Interactions

Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the Lexicomp drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.

Alcohol (Ethyl): May enhance the hypotensive effect of Apomorphine. Risk X: Avoid combination

Alfuzosin: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Alizapride: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist). Risk X: Avoid combination

Amifostine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Amifostine. Management: When used at chemotherapy doses, hold blood pressure lowering medications for 24 hours before amifostine administration. If blood pressure lowering therapy cannot be held, do not administer amifostine. Use caution with radiotherapy doses of amifostine. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Amisulpride (Injection): May diminish the therapeutic effect of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist). Risk X: Avoid combination

Amisulpride (Oral): Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Amisulpride (Oral). Amisulpride (Oral) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist). Risk X: Avoid combination

Antiemetics (5HT3 Antagonists): May enhance the hypotensive effect of Apomorphine. Risk X: Avoid combination

Antipsychotic Agents (First Generation [Typical]): Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Antipsychotic Agents (First Generation [Typical]). Antipsychotic Agents (First Generation [Typical]) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist). Management: Avoid concomitant therapy if possible. If antipsychotic use is necessary, consider using atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine, quetiapine, or ziprasidone at lower initial doses, or a non-dopamine antagonist (eg, pimavanserin). Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]): May diminish the therapeutic effect of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist). Management: Consider avoiding atypical antipsychotic use in patients with Parkinson disease. If an atypical antipsychotic is necessary, consider using clozapine, quetiapine, or ziprasidone at lower initial doses, or a non-dopamine antagonist (eg, pimavanserin). Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Arginine: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Barbiturates: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Blood Pressure Lowering Agents: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Hypotension-Associated Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Brimonidine (Topical): May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Brivudine: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist). Specifically, the risk of chorea may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Bromopride: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Bromperidol: May diminish the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Bromperidol. Risk X: Avoid combination

BuPROPion: Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of BuPROPion. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Diazoxide: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

DULoxetine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of DULoxetine. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Herbal Products with Blood Pressure Lowering Effects: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Hypotension-Associated Agents: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Hypotension-Associated Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Kava Kava: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist). Kava Kava may diminish the therapeutic effect of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Levodopa-Foslevodopa: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Levodopa-Foslevodopa. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Lormetazepam: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Methotrimeprazine: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist). Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Methotrimeprazine. Risk X: Avoid combination

Metoclopramide: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist). Risk X: Avoid combination

Molsidomine: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Naftopidil: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Nicergoline: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Nicorandil: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Nitroglycerin: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Apomorphine. Management: Patients taking apomorphine should lie down before and after taking sublingual nitroglycerin. Monitor blood pressure for hypotension and orthostatic hypotension when these agents are combined. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Nitroprusside: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Nitroprusside. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Obinutuzumab: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Management: Consider temporarily withholding blood pressure lowering medications beginning 12 hours prior to obinutuzumab infusion and continuing until 1 hour after the end of the infusion. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Pentoxifylline: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Pholcodine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Pholcodine. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Prostacyclin Analogues: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk): QT-prolonging Agents (Indeterminate Risk - Caution) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Quinagolide: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Silodosin: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Solriamfetol: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Sulpiride: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist). Risk X: Avoid combination

Pregnancy Considerations

Adverse events have been observed in animal reproduction studies.

Breastfeeding Considerations

It is not known if apomorphine is excreted in breast milk. According to the manufacturer, the decision to continue or discontinue breastfeeding during therapy should take into account the risk of infant exposure, the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant, and benefits of treatment to the mother.

Monitoring Parameters

Supine and standing BP and pulse (for SUBQ, monitor predose and 20-, 40-, and 60 minutes postdose with each test dose); signs and symptoms of hemolytic anemia; orthostatic hypotension; drowsiness or sleepiness; mental status and behavioral changes.

Mechanism of Action

Stimulates postsynaptic D2-type receptors within the caudate putamen in the brain.

Pharmacokinetics (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Onset of action: SUBQ: Rapid.

Distribution: Vd: Sublingual: 3,630 L; SUBQ: 218 L.

Metabolism: Not established; potential routes of metabolism include sulfation, N-demethylation, glucuronidation, and oxidation.

Half-life elimination: Terminal: Sublingual: ~1.7 hours (range: 0.8 to 3 hours); SUBQ: ~40 minutes.

Time to peak, plasma: Sublingual: 0.5 to 1 hour; SUBQ: 10 to 60 minutes.

Pharmacokinetics: Additional Considerations (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Altered kidney function: SUBQ: Cmax was increased by 50% in patients with moderate renal impairment.

Hepatic function impairment: SUBQ: Cmax was increased by 25% in patients with moderate hepatic impairment.

Brand Names: International
International Brand Names by Country
For country code abbreviations (show table)

  • (AE) United Arab Emirates: Apo go;
  • (AT) Austria: Apo go | Dacepton;
  • (AU) Australia: Apo go | Apomine | Apomorphine;
  • (BE) Belgium: Britaject;
  • (CH) Switzerland: Apo go | Dacepton;
  • (CL) Chile: Dacepton;
  • (CO) Colombia: Dacepton;
  • (CZ) Czech Republic: Dacepton;
  • (DE) Germany: Apo go | Apomorphin Neuraxpharm | Dacepton;
  • (EE) Estonia: Apo go;
  • (FR) France: Apokinon | Apomorphine aguettant | Apomorphine biogaran | Apomorphine cooper | Apomorphine mylan | Apomorphine Renaudin;
  • (GB) United Kingdom: Apo go | Apomorphine | Britaject;
  • (HK) Hong Kong: Apo go;
  • (HU) Hungary: Apo go | Dacepton;
  • (IE) Ireland: Apo go | Britaject;
  • (IL) Israel: Apo go;
  • (IN) India: Aposan;
  • (IT) Italy: Apofin;
  • (KE) Kenya: Aposan;
  • (LT) Lithuania: Apomorphin;
  • (LU) Luxembourg: Dacepton;
  • (LV) Latvia: Apomorphin;
  • (MX) Mexico: Dacepton;
  • (NL) Netherlands: Apo go;
  • (PL) Poland: Apo go | Dacepton;
  • (PR) Puerto Rico: Apokyn | Apomorphine hydrocloride | Kynmobi;
  • (PT) Portugal: Apo go;
  • (RO) Romania: Dacepton;
  • (SI) Slovenia: Apo go | Britaject;
  • (SK) Slovakia: Apo go | Dacepton;
  • (TH) Thailand: Apo go;
  • (TR) Turkey: Apo go | Epamor | Pargicyl | Parkoff;
  • (ZA) South Africa: Aposan
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