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Incidence rates of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection

Incidence rates of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection
First author Population, year MRSA incidence per 100,000 MSSA incidence per 100,000 Total incidence per 100,000 Comments
El Atrouni[1] United States (adults), 1998 to 2005 12.4 25.4 38.2 Overall SAB incidence stable during the study period, but the proportion due to MRSA increased.
Klevens[2] United States, 2005 23.9 N/A N/A Most invasive MRSA infections were health care associated.
Kallen[3] United States (health care-associated infections only), 2005 to 2008 25.7 N/A N/A Hospital-onset and health care-associated MRSA bacteremia decreased 34 and 20 percent, respectively, over the four-year period.
Rhee[4] United States, 2007 to 2013 16.1 29.6 45.7 Community-onset MRSA bacteremia incidence stable during the study period and largely due to USA300 strain type.
Allard[5] Canada (adults), 1991 to 2005 3.3 24.3 27.6 MRSA incidence increased from 0 to 7.4 per 100,000, while MSSA incidence remained stable.
Mejer[6] Denmark (adults), 1995 to 2008 0.18 22.5 22.7 Overall SAB incidence stable, and 30-day mortality rate improved during the study period.
Asgeirsson[7] Iceland (adults), 1995 to 2008 0.15 24.4 24.5 SAB incidence increased during the study period, but mortality improved.
Huggan[8] New Zealand, 1998 to 2005 0.08 21.4 21.5 Rates stable over time.
Laupland[9] Multinational (Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Sweden), 2000 to 2008 1.9 24.2 26.1 Community-onset MSSA incidence was similar among study regions. Rates of MRSA and hospital MSSA varied considerably by region. No overall change in burden of SAB over time.
Jacobsson[10] Sweden, 2003 to 2005 0 27.6 27.6 All cases were MSSA.
Skogberg[11] Finland, 2004 to 2007 N/A N/A 20 SAB associated with higher case-fatality rate than other pathogens.
Tong[12] Australia, 2006 to 2007 16 49 65 SAB incidence rate in the indigenous Australian population was 172 per 100,000.
Tong[13] Australia, 2007 to 2010 N/A N/A 11.2 SAB rates higher in indigenous Australians, especially for community-associated MRSA.
Taylor[14] Canada, 2011 to 2013 3.95 N/A N/A 66.9 percent of cases were community acquired and 33.1 percent hospital acquired.
van Cleef[15] Netherlands, 2009 0.18 19.1 19.3 Cross-border comparison between Netherlands and North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, showing 32-fold higher MRSA bacteremia incidence in Germany.
Germany, 2009 5.76 N/A N/A
Rates in specific subpopulations
Landrum[16] United States (military), 2005 to 2010 2.0 2.7 4.7 Rates of both MRSA and MSSA bacteremia decreased during the study period.
Larsen[17] Denmark (HIV-infected adults), 1995 to 2007 4.9 489 494 50 percent of initial episodes of SAB were in IDUs.
Burkey[18] United States (HIV-infected adults), 2000 to 2004 850 1110 1960 74.7 percent of MRSA bacteremia episodes in IDUs.
Fitzgerald[19] Ireland (hemodialysis recipients), 1998 to 2009 5600 11400 17000 Intravascular catheters implicated as the source in 83 percent of cases.
Wang[20] Taiwan (all dialysis recipients), 2003 to 2008 1131 678 1809 SAB more common among hemodialysis recipients than peritoneal dialysis.
Jaganath[21] Rural Thailand, 2006 to 2014 0.55 6.8 7.3 Community-onset SAB incidence increased during the study period
Jokinen[22] Filand, 2005 to 2015 0.6 to 4.5 19.9 to 35.2 21.6 to 37.2 MSSA and PSSA bacteremia incidence increased, whereas MRSA incidence peaked in 2011
MRSA: methicillin-resistant S. aureus; MSSA: methicillin-susceptible S. aureus; SAB: S. aureus bacteremia; N/A: not applicable; IDU: injection drug user; PSSA: penicillin-susceptible S. aureus.
References:
  1. El Atrouni WI, Knoll BM, Lahr BD, et al. Temporal trends in the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1998 to 2005: a population based study. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49:e130.
  2. Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 2007; 298:1763.
  3. Kallen AJ, Mu Y, Bulens S, et al. Health care-associated invasive MRSA infections, 2005-2008. JAMA 2010; 304:641.
  4. Rhee Y, Aroutcheva A, Hota B, et al. Evolving epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 36:1417.
  5. Allard C, Carignan A, Bergevin M, et al. Secular changes in incidence and mortality associated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in Quebec, Canada, 1991-2005. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14:421.
  6. Mejer N, Westh H, Schønheyder HC, et al. Stable incidence and continued improvement in short term mortality of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia between 1995 and 2008. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:260.
  7. Asgeirsson H, Gudlaugsson O, Kristinsson KG, et al. Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in Iceland, 1995-2008: changing incidence and mortality. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:513.
  8. Huggan PJ, Wells JE, Browne M, et al. Population-based epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection in Canterbury, New Zealand. Intern Med J 2010; 40:117.
  9. Laupland KB, Lyytikainen O, Sogaard M, et al. The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: a multinational population-based surveillance study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:465.
  10. Jacobsson G, Dashti S, Wahlberg T, Andersson R. The epidemiology of and risk factors for invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections in western Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 2007; 39:6.
  11. Skogberg K, Lyytikainen O, Ollgren J, et al. Population based burden of bloodstream infections in Finland. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: E170.
  12. Tong SY, Bishop EJ, Lilliebridge RA, et al. Community-associated strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus in indigenous northern Australia: epidemiology and outcomes. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:1461.
  13. Tong SY, van Hal SJ, Einsiedel L, et al. Impact of ethnicity and socio-economic status on Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia incidence and mortality: a heavy burden in indigenous Australians. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:249.
  14. Taylor G, Bush K, Leal J, et al. Epidemiology of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections in Alberta, Canada. J Hosp Infect 2015; 89:132.
  15. van Cleef BA, Kluytmans JA, van Benthem BH, et al. Cross border comparison of MRSA bacteraemia between The Netherlands and North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany): a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42787.
  16. Landrum ML, Neumann C, Cook C, et al. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus blood and skin and soft tissue infections in the US military health system, 2005-2010. JAMA 2012; 308:50.
  17. Larsen MV, Harboe ZB, Ladelund S, et al. Major but differential decline in the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in HIV-infected individuals from 1995 to 2007: a nationwide cohort study. HIV Med 2012; 13:45.
  18. Burkey MD, Wilson LE, Moore RD, et al. The incidence of and risk factors for MRSA bacteraemia in an HIV-infected cohort in the HAART era. HIV Med 2008; 9:858.
  19. Fitzgerald SF, O’Gorman J, Morris-Downes MM, et al. A 12-year review of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections in haemodialysis patients: more work to be done. J Hosp Infect 2011; 79:218.
  20. Wang IK, Chang YC, Liang CC, et al. Bacteremia in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Intern Med 2012; 51:1015.
  21. Jaganath D, Possawat J, Sirirat M, et al. Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Incidence and Methicillin Resistance in Rural Thailand, 2006-2014. Am J Trop Meg Hyg 2018; 99:155.
  22. Jokinen E, Laine J, Huttunen R, et al. Trends in incidence and resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Infect Dis (Lond) 2018; 50:52.
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